Animal Farm By George Orwell - 954 Words

For my first book report, I was assigned to read the book â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell. I already had a general idea of what happens in the book, but I didn’t really know completely what it was about. I knew that the animals on the farm rebel against the farmer and the book demonstrated totalitarianism, but I didn’t know much more than that. Everyone I know that has read the book hates it, so I thought I wouldn’t like it either. I had never read any of George Orwell’s books before though, so I wasn’t really sure what to expect. The book opens with Old Major, a prize-winning pig, holding a meeting with all of the animals. He talks about a dream he had, where all of the animals lived and worked together without any humans to bother them. Old Major wants them to all work toward achieving his dream, and convinces them that humans are the enemy. He teaches them a song called â€Å"Beasts of England†, which describes everything from his dream. Old Major passes away three days later. After his death, three pigs, Snowball, Squealer, and Napoleon create Animalism to help make Old Major’s dream a reality. Animalism was a philosophy that was inspired by what Old Major taught the animals, and it had seven commandments, â€Å"Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. No animal shall wear clothes. No animal shall sleep in a bed. No animal shall drink alcohol. No animal shall kill any other animal. All animals are equal.† Late one night, theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, George Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigs’ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1212 Words   |  5 PagesShe stood there over the dead animals thinking to herself what have we come to? We try to become free but we just enslave ourselves to a so called superior kind. Napoleon killed the animals in front of the whole farm and said that this was to be the punishment for the traitors. Snowball was known as a traitor now and anyone conspiring with him would be killed. Snowball and Napoleon both represent historical characters during the Russian revolution in 1917.Snowball who was one of the smartest pigs

Delivering five hours Free Essays

Utilizing the variety of office equipment as a means of facilitating the organization of the department. Participating in workshops to improve my ability to maintain the highest level of professionalism within the organization. Delivering five hours of instruction and spending three additional hours on performing research and implementing preparation methods to help officials gain a better understanding of the language. We will write a custom essay sample on Delivering five hours or any similar topic only for you Order Now New Neighbors Education Center Alexandria, VA From: Oct. 2007 – Mar. 2008 Position: Executive Assistant Maintained files, updated company’s website and database, and proofread correspondence; created electronic file system with a simplified interface and ease of access; assisted the Director and members of Board in the performance of daily tasks. Managed the major donors’ mailing list, the drafting and issuing of thank you letters and the conduction of research for program development. Supervised office assistants, including those working to perform the duties of mailing, database entry, payroll, supply orders, budgeting and other financial tasks U. S. Department of State National Foreign Affairs Training Center Arlington, VA From: Jan 2006 – Sept 2007 Position: Culture Instructor and Curriculum Developer Trained U. S. Foreign Service embassy personnel in the areas of language and culture; personnel included ambassadors and other United States officials assigned to Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo. Developed strategic methods for teaching language and culture for augmentation of the existing curriculum Berlitz Language Services Vienna, VA From: Jan 2003 – Dec 2005 Position: Administrative Assistant/Sales Agent Represented Berlitz Language Services as a salesperson at organized conferences, meetings with clients for the purpose of developing marketing and short-term and/or long-term language program promotional deals; managed a front office and administered secretarial support to the Director and sales staff Paul’s Wholesale Co. Washington DC From: Jan 2001 – Dec 2002 Position: Administrative Assistant Managed the processing, filing, shipping and follow-up procedures connected with customers’ orders, maintaining an effective administrative system. International Rescue Committee (IRC) Shkoder, Albania From: Sept 1999 – Nov 2000 Position: Office Manager Monitored IRC projects of rehabilitated refugee impacted sites and services, ensuring their availability and readiness to handle the many Kosovo refugees. Facilitated and mediated numerous meetings and workshops with the Mayor’s office, community leaders, NGOs and other entities involved in political, social or humanitarian projects. Worked closely with refugee organizations to obtain a list of hosts from contacts in foreign NGOs in Albania, allowing for the timely completion of the $500 thousand rehabilitation project. Managed the daily office tasks; monitored and coordinated project procurement and logistics; coordinated and conducted interviewing and hiring of personnel. ECOM / MALTESER Shkoder, Albania From: Nov 1998 – Aug 1999 Position: Administrative Assistant Assisted and supported Kosovo refugees in Albania, resulting in a smooth transition of the refugees to their own country; administered the logistics and distribution of medication and other matter to minister to the needs of the refugees. Provided interpretive services and assisted in refugee cases that needed immediate attention. Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) May 1998 – Nov 1998 Tirana, Albania Assistant to the Director, Secretary, and Logistician Managed a busy office schedule, which extended to the coordination of travel logistics; conducted trainings in particular fields of expertise; formulated data collection instruments, such as surveys and questionnaires, to facilitate research into many aspects of the political situation of the region Aided the efforts of a team dedicated to reviewing laws and advising local Albanian government entities concerning humanitarian activities; provided support and research information for weekly security briefings on the latest developments in the country and the neighboring ones. REFERENCES: Supervisors may be contacted and other professional references are available upon request KSA’S: PROGRAM ANALYST/PROGRAM SPECIALIST/CONTRACT SPECIALIST Knowledge My graduate level training in Government, Law and Public Policy has given me a vast array of theoretical knowledge concerning the legal and functional aspects of the government and its policies. My knowledge and experience has also extended to the area of performing legal research in foreign countries and the administration of duties related to the management of refugees. Having had several years of experience as an assistant to the director and other executives, I have garnered comprehensive knowledge of the areas of business administration concerned with budgeting and logistics. I have also been exposed to the formulation of research instruments such as questionnaires and surveys that have aided in the collection of citizen data. I am also thoroughly familiar with Albanian language and culture, having served for more than two years within three humanitarian organizations in Albania. I understand the methods connected with training high officials in the use of language and the understanding of culture within foreign countries. I also have knowledge of the procedures and practices connected with operation within Federal Offices of the United States Government. This includes an understanding of the emergency management procedures necessary in times of disaster or distress. Finally, I have technical knowledge of several computer applications used for word processing, graphic manipulation, data entry, and data mining. Skills My administrative skills have been demonstrated by the many administrative positions I have held. They have been utilized during the period I spent in Albania, when I was in charge of performing essential office duties, as well as procurement and other logistic procedures. I am also highly skilled in the use of both English and Albanian. In Shkoder, Albania, I demonstrated the skill of monitoring IRC projects, which were instituted for the proper handling of the onslaught of Kosovo refugees. I am also skilled in mediation with government and other official organizations within foreign countries, as I was in charge of facilitating a number of meetings among the Mayor’s office, NGO’s and leaders within the community. I have also acted as an interpreter between Kosovo refugees and Albanian/American personnel, and I have been exposed to the performance and translation of legal research in the Albanian environment. Furthermore, I have worked within the U. S. Department of State National Foreign Affairs Training Center, gaining hands-on experience teaching the language and culture of Albania to the American personnel. I have also had experience and the chance to portray skill in conducting administrative business in the private sector. Abilities As a person who has been exposed to business administration and communication at the diplomatic level, I have the ability to communicate well with government officials and other members of staff within any organization. I am able to perform duties related to human resource management and development, as I have trained high level officials in the proper performance of their duties in the Albanian environment. I work very well under pressure, as has been exemplified by my performance to a high level of effectiveness in the political climate of Eastern Europe. I am also well able to perform the administrative functions related to program analysis, as I am adept in the handling of file maintenance (including electronic files), website/database updating, payroll, and mailings. I am also able to draft correspondence, manage budgets and perform the duties related to procurement and supply/inventory management. How to cite Delivering five hours, Papers

Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. Answer: Introduction As time progresses, the economy, the communities and environment experience dynamic changes. These modifications affect not only the industries but also the welfare of the people within a region. As the times change, communities seek to adapt to these conditions by revitalizing their local economies. For towns and cities that are economically resilient, they result in using their resources to boost the domestic community. However, small towns that are rural and remote lack the access to such resources. Besides, unlike the developed towns, the rural areas require building from scratch. It also means that the people liable for initiating this development must be resilient in how they allocate their scarce resources. This is particularly so for Clipper bay, whereas the appointed Chief planner the budget allocated is fifty million dollars. This budget is to be allocated to initiate the tourism industry in the community and ensure that the industry is sustainable in the future, as well as , boost its economy. This paper will explore the strategies that will be employed to achieve this objective taking into account the environmental and social-cultural element of the area. It will employ the reflexive approach to tourism as it is the industry that Clipper Bay is suited. It will also explore different aspects of Clippers Bay the give comparative advantages. Clipper Bay is a small region that is situated at a peninsula. This area has a population of approximately five thousand people. Like many remote regions, the economic situation at Clipper Bay is limited to business activities such as fishing and its related enterprises. However, these businesses are inadequate to propel the economy of the area. Whats more, since the region is remote, it faces some shortcomings. For instance, the infrastructure in the region is backdated. Roads and other means of transportation have not been developed to meet the standards of resilient regions. Nonetheless, all hope is not lost as Clipper Bays strategic positioning makes its viable for the tourism industry (Poon, 2007). Introducing this commerce in the region will not only revitalize its economy but also open it up for other business opportunities thus improving the welfare of the community. Taking a look at Clipper Bays strategic positioning, two factors make it eligible for tourism. First, its geographic characteristics. Clipper Bay located by the sea where there is access to a beautiful beach. Along its seashores, the beach has unique caves made from limestone and pool formations within them. These physical elements build the foundation of tourism in Clipper Bay as they are natural attraction sites (Goeldner, Ritchie, 2006). On the other hand, the region is bordered by two hills making the area secluded and quiet for tourism. Most people prefer to travel on vacations. Besides, they want a region that is quiet and secluded from the outside world, two of Clipper Bays best advantages (Gisolf, 2011). The geographic land on Clipper Bay is plain. These even characteristics make it easier for development of infrastructures such hotels. However, since Clipper Bay is a remote region, it only has two roads that serve the area. Recent developments have included the building of a highway to improve the accessibility of the region. Whats more, the small population of Clipper Bay occupies has settled on a small area along the beach. This means with the opportunity of developing tourism, issues such as resettling people may not be a challenge (Gisolf, 2011). The second factor is its human geography. Though the population in Clipper Bay is small, it is evenly distributed with the youth generation constituting largest percentage. Beginning the tourism trade requires labor. This population provides human resources for the industry. However, some limitations exist. First, since Clipper Bay is remote, the people lack skilled labor to operate the tourism industry. This denotes that skilled labors will have to be imported. Secondly, as this development aims to improve the welfare of the community, training programs will have to be introduced to impact the required skills to the people. Nonetheless, the human culture in Clipper Bay comprises of heritage and customary links to religion and cultural rites. Like the Hawaiian culture, the tourism industry could use Clipper Bays human culture as an additional foundation (Poon, 2007). Following these comparative advantages of Clipper Bay, as the chief planner, the objective is to revitalize its economy through tourism. Tourism is the term used to denote activities such as attracting, entertaining and accommodating domestic and foreign tourists. Tourism may also refer to travelling for business or pleasure. It involves the management of tours and hospitality businesses. Tourism has two aspects, first, attracting people and secondly business management. For Clipper Bay, introducing industry will involve the development of facilities such as comprehensive hotels and travelling agencies (Kotler, et al. 2006). Comprehensive hotels provide services and facilities for both pleasure and business for the target group. Secondly, due to its secluded nature, Clipper Bay will require a lot of advertising to the outside world especially. This will attract people from other regions who wish to explore the area and enjoy the services it seeks to offer. Consequently, this will revive Clipper Bays economy. Economic revitalization the process by which member of a society seeks to improve the economy of an area through the development of various enterprises (Burayidi, 2013). It aims at propelling growth and enhancing the living standards of the community. The people of Clipper Bay are highly skilled in fishing and weaving. However, these economic practices are not adequate to sustain a growing economy for the region. Tourism will act as a tool towards the economic revitalization of the region as its economy has stagnated for a long period (Fitzgerald, Leigh, 2002). Strategic Approach to Economic Revitalization Clipper Bay require some economic revival. The region is remote and has a minimal infrastructure. To attain the goal of economic revitalization, as a chief planner some strategies will be implemented. These tactics involve building on the existing resources, engaging various members of the society, as well as, attracting foreign investors to aid in the process (Perdue, Long, Allen, 2010). These among other strategies will be employed to capitalize on Clipper Bays comparative advantages. First, Clipper Bay is served by two roads and a highway is still under construction. The natural sceneries in the area such as natural pools and limestone caves in addition to the human heritage are some of the assets that Clipper Bay has. These assets provide the opportunities for developing tourism in the area (Johnson, Kackar, Kramer, 2015). The plan is to capitalize on these assets to form the foundation of tourism in the region. Besides, its terrain eliminates construction challenges as it mainly a plain. The natural beauty of the area, the beach, caves, and pools are attractive sites that require maintenance without any renovations. The cultural practices and heritage act as the theme of tourism and contribute to its marketing. The second strategy is to engage the members of the society in planning for the future of Clipper Bay. The region lacks prominent business activities as most people engage in fishing and weaving. However, members such as community leaders and the administration of Clipper Bay should be involved in the planning process. These individuals will provide insight into the social needs that should be addressed during the transformation (Johnson, Kackar, Kramer, 2015). Clipper Bay is a remote area with little access to the outside world. Introducing tourism in the territory may instigate some level of resistance. Engaging community leaders and the governing body will help in generating public support for the changes and creating a momentum for executing the changes (Ewalt, Freeman, Poole, 2008). Thirdly, the provided budget may not be adequate to implement the intended plans. It is necessary to attract domestic and outside investors who may wish to take advantage of the opportunities that Clipper Bay presents. This will enhance local and foreign interest, community commitment and entice private investment. It will also provide additional funding. Nevertheless, tourism is an industry that has been associated with environmental degradation. It is apparent that most of Clipper Bay terrain will be affected by the new changes. Some land will be set aside for the construction of hospitality facilities and construction of roads that enable accessibility. This will require restructuring the plain lands of Clipper Bay. Additionally, with the proposed tourism plans, new investors in other fields may seek to develop businesses in the region. This will result in environmental pollution affecting the ecological systems and marine life. As such, strategies that support a healthy and clean environment will be implemented (Weaver, Lawton, De Lacy, 2009). First, natural resources should be protected by providing finances for their maintenance, for instance, the pools. Secondly, developing a drainage system that limits the pollution of the sea and its effect on the marine life. The aim is to minimize environmental contamination and utilize th e available resources productively (Johnson, Kackar, Kramer, 2015). These strategies will be utilized in destination management. Engaging community leaders and the government provide additional insights and collaborative planning to ensure that the needs of the society are incorporated (World Tourism Organization UNWTO. 2017). Secondly, information and evidence should be gathered to ensure that the proposed plans are viable. The apart from the natural resources, land surveys will be conducted to enable the construction of buildings. Thirdly, goals, directions, and actions required to actualize the plans will be determined. With the cooperation of the public and the administration, tourism in the area could be achieved through the productive use of available resources and the protection of the environment. Besides, the society will provide human capital for unskilled tasks will experts will be imported to facilitate the implementation of the plans (Developing your destination management plan. 2017). Resorts and restaurants are the products of tourism that would revive the economy of Clipper Bay. This is because the territory has plain grounds that enable easy construction of buildings and roads. Secondly, the natural resources in Clipper Bay provide attractive sites for tourists who wish to visit the region. The beach provides opportunities for activities such as swimming, water skiing among other activities. Lastly, the secluded nature of the area provides vacation destination for many people. These comparative advantages will apply while sourcing investors (Johnson, Kackar, Kramer, 2015). Besides, with the possibility of development, other stakeholders will cooperate in the plans of introducing tourism as it will revive the economy of Clipper Bay. Economic analysis The immediate benefit that tourism provides in an area is economic growth. However, as the economy develops, positive and adverse effects are incurred. This will be a similar case for Clipper Bay. The tourism industry in Clipper Bay will generate employment opportunities for the community in the region as well as to skilled candidates from outside the area (Streimikiene, and Bilan, 2015). To the people of Clipper Bay, their economic activities will diversify. As a remote area, individuals have unskilled labor. Importing experts and training the local laborers will enable the transfer of knowledge and skills to the people of Clipper Bay. They will not only earn income from employment but also gain the experience to run various businesses. This will eventually result in the growth of their economy. Apart from fishing and related business, Clipper Bay lacks real development. The introduction of the tourism industry will diversify the economy and make it attractive to tourists and investors. Additionally, tourism will contribute in capital inflow in the region, as well as, the payment of taxes. An increase in government revenue and funding from outside investors will improve the infrastructure of the region. So far, Clipper Bay is served by two roads with another under construction. However, an increase in activities and stakeholders will influence the development of infrastructure in the area. This will not only open up Clipper Bay but also contribute to the growth of its economy (Allen, et al. 2008). Additionally, tourism will improve the welfare of the people by providing higher incomes and training them how to operate various business thus increasing self-sufficiency. This will work towards the eradication of poverty. The administration will also gain taxes from tourism thus have revenues to meet the needs of the society. Conversely, the region will experience some negative impacts. As tourism develops the area and the economy is revitalized, the region will experience a rise in the general prices of goods. Most tourist destinations have high price levels to take advantage of tourists. This will also apply to the local people. Secondly, since outside sources will also generate funding, there will be leakages in terms of capital outflows. Besides, tourism is an industry with cyclic seasons of boom and recession. This will translate to Clipper Bay economy and affect the employment of people. On the other hand, enclave tourism limits the growth of local businesses (Allen, et al. 2008). Socio-Cultural and Environmental analysis Alternatively, the socio-cultural and environmental aspects of Clipper Bay will be affected. For the environment, most of the impact will be negative. Introducing tourism in Clipper Bay will result in the pollution of its environment. First, waste management is always an issue for urban areas. The generation of waste exceeds the ability of the local government to dispose of effectively (Cohen, 2012). Being a region that is close to the sea that has marine life, this waste will affect the life of this ecosystem. Secondly, construction of facilities degrades the environment as organizations will exhaust Clipper Bay natural resource. Besides, without the interference of people, natural sites retain their beauty. Nonetheless, the strategies to maintain a healthy environment are to be implemented to ensure that Clipper Bay retains its natural beauty and environmental contamination is removed. On the other, the social and cultural lives of the people will have mixed impacts. With tourism in the area, the people of Clipper Bay will have more opportunities of employment thus alleviating the level of poverty. Individuals in the area will gain various skills enabling them to operate other businesses. Besides, their culture will be transferred to tourists who visit the area (Davenport, Davenport, 2006). However, tourism brings together people from various regions who have different customs and beliefs. This could be transferred to the local people leading to the attenuation of Clipper Bay culture. Besides, social evils such as prostitution, theft and other underground economy activities may be transferred to the area (Allen, et al. 2008). Conclusion Economic revitalization is the process of reviving the economy of a region. Clipper Bay a remote area where fishing and other trades such as weaving are the main economic activities in the region. However, Clipper Bay has comparative advantages such as a beautiful beach and natural pools and caves make it suitable for tourism. Its lack of infrastructure may inhibit the success of tourism in the area. As a chief planner, strategies to attract tourists and investors could help change the situation. Cooperation with local leaders and the government will enable the planning and implementation of tourism plans. One of the important plans is protecting the environment of Clipper Bay. The introduction tourism has mixed effects on the area. Employment will escalation and the economy will develop. On the contrary, inflation, environmental degradation and the spread of social evils will be the negative effects of tourism in Clipper Bay. References Allen, L. R., Long, P. T., Perdue, R. R., Kieselbach, S. (2008). The impact of tourism development on residents' perceptions of community life. Journal of travel research, 27(1), 16-21. Burayidi, M. A. (2013). Downtowns: revitalizing the centers of small urban communities. Routledge. Cohen, E. (2012). The impact of tourism on the physical environment. Annals of tourism research, 5(2), 215-237. Davenport, J., Davenport, J. L. (2006). The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: a review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67(1), 280-292. Destination Management Organizations | World Tourism Organization UNWTO. (2017). Www2.unwto.org. Retrieved 22 September 2017, from https://www2.unwto.org/category/technical-product-target/destination-management-organizations Developing your destination management plan. (2017). VisitBritain. Retrieved 22 September 2017, from https://www.visitbritain.org/developing-your-destination-management-plan Ewalt, P. L., Freeman, E. M., Poole, D. L. (Eds.). (2008). Community building: Renewal, well-being, and shared responsibility. Nasw Press. Fitzgerald, J., Leigh, N. G. (2002). Economic revitalization: Cases and strategies for city and suburb. Sage. Gisolf, M. (2011). Sustainable development tourism, Tourist sustainability. Tourism sustainability. Tourismtheories.org. Retrieved 22 September 2017, from https://www.tourismtheories.org/?page_id=24 Goeldner, C. R., Ritchie, J. B. (2006). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies. John Wiley Sons. Johnson, N., Kackar, A., Kramer, M. (2015). How small towns and cities can use local assets to rebuild their economies: lessons from successful places (p. 4). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-05/documents/competitive_advantage_051215_508_final.pdf Kotler, P., Bowen, J. T., Makens, J. C., Baloglu, S. (2006). Marketing for hospitality and tourism (Vol. 893). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., Allen, L. (2010). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of tourism Research, 17(4), 586-599. Poon, A. (2007). Tourism, technology and competitive strategies. CAB international. Streimikiene, D., Bilan, Y. (2015). Review of Rural Tourism development Theories, Transformations in Business Economics,Vol. 14, No 2 (35), pp.21-34. Weaver, D., Lawton, L., De Lacy, T., (2009). Sustainable tourism: A critical analysis.

Rugmaker Conflict Essay free essay sample

War has always been the background to my life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and it’s surely helped to form the way I thought about things†. How does this conflict shape life? Body paragraph | Explanation | Introduction | Focus on other body paragraphs- political conflict in paragraph 1 (asylum seekers)- weave in people smuggling. Body paragraph 2- war: armed (rocket scare when Gorgalli was killed and others injured) body paragraph 3- war in Afghanistan family motion (family/familial ) | Body paragraph 1| Political spectrum- project the idea of civilians seeking asylum due to war stricken countries and problems that arise due to war and political corruption. Relate to the extract (quote) by examining and producing how Najaf sought asylum himself due to problems with the Taliban and people smuggling. | Body paragraph 2| War: armed. Mention how the country Najaf lived in was that horrific and violent and at any moment you could be struck down. Talk of horror and the long term effects of losing a family member because of a country that was unable to stabilize itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Rugmaker Conflict Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | Body paragraph 3| Family/familial- the wars in Afghanistan between the US and the Soviets was over safety yet it only destroyed safety. Project family structure and how it adapts depending on the situation. â€Å"I work hard too but you don’t hear me crying about it†. | Conclusion | No quotes only statements. Reflect everything previously mentioned and establish the outline of my essay. | Najaf Mazari has been moulded by his war stricken life. His opinions and daily views are shaped by his once violent life in Afghanistan. People can be shaped and changed by a life filled with conflict. Different conflicts have constructed Najaf’s personality such as political conflict and family conflict. The world conflict might prompt us to think of images of warfare, struggle, tears and despair. The tension on the UN security council over Iran’s nuclear program, the ongoing war in Afghanistan and the plight of asylum seekers. These are the conflicts that dominate news headlines and the pages of our newspapers. However, there is another side to times and hardship; lessons learned the triumphs against all odds and the inner resilience people can build in response to the periods of hardship and that inevitably a part of our lives. It is through times of adversity and conflict that we find inner strength and ourselves. Personalities are moulded and become real. Asylum seekers are a main political conflict that can change the face of lives. Najaf Mazari â€Å"jumped the queue† and travelled illegally on a boat that was overcrowded, not safe and full of individuals seeking refuge in Australia. As demonstrated in the autobiographical novel Rugmaker, Najaf experiences things differently in Australia than natives who were born here. He has to try to fit into a society that is completely opposite to his home. His home was plagued with death, war and conflict within families and political leaders. The United States and The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan during the reign of the Taliban. The Soviet Union failed, yet the United States overthrew the power of the torturous empire. Najaf experienced firsthand the wrath of the Taliban. He was captured and tortured in order for the Taliban to gain knowledge on someone. Najaf was shaped and changed during this time. He learnt the ability of adaptation and had to apply it to many conflicts that occurred during his adventure from Afghanistan to Australia. Woomera camp is a political camp in which Najaf was processed in. Here he learnt the political structure and differences of Australia. The experience of refuges and asylum seekers is perfectly highlights that personalities and conflict come from times of pain and suffering. Najaf Mazari, a refugee from Afghanistan, travelled to Australia in the 1990s in search of a new home far from the warring mujahedeen and Soviet Union soldiers in his home town of Mazar-e-Sharif. Najaf’s travels took him through the war ravaged Pakistan, the limbo of Indonesia and the horror of Woomera Detention Centre. For over a year Najaf’s resilience was testes as he tried to maintain his sanity behind the barbed wire of the ‘November’ unit. Although the time period in which this happened was torturous, it shaped Najaf as a person and has inflicted events on him that he did not want to conceive. Rather than break his resolve Najaf’s desire to settle in a place of peace ‘where bombs do not fly overhead’ became even stronger. Najaf’s desire to be re-united with his family consumed his every thought and helped him stay strong despite the uncertainty of his visa application. Without a visa Najaf knew he would be sent home. This is why he feared breaking the rules and became a team player. Najaf has become an artwork- he is moulded by every experience he has and is tested at every corner he walks by. Each event in his life moulds something into the sculpture that is Najaf and if an event is too strong, the sculpture may break. But it is always up to Najaf to make the sculpture beautiful again. Najaf’s experience on the political side of conflict whilst seeking asylum highlighted what was most important in his life, peace, freedom and family.

Practicing International Management Case essay

Practicing International Management Case essay Practicing International Management Case essay Practicing International Management Case essayMTV is one of the largest networks operating internationally and has a considerable pact on the global culture. At the same time, the impact of the MTV culture on adolescents is so significant that adolescents may change their perception of their traditional culture. However, the MTV culture is based on western standards and these standards refer not only to the cultural domain but also to the material one. This is why teens from other countries, including under-developed countries may be willing to own items, which are unaffordable for their families because of the low level of income. As a result, the MTV culture has a negative impact on the interpersonal relations within families and cultural changes that occur in different countries of the world under the impact of MTV may be negative. These cultural changes widen the gap between the reality teens live in and MTV cultural values and standards, which are unattainable in many countries of the world. therefore, the lack of localization of MTV products and culture leads the gap between the MTV-based culture of teens and the surrounding reality.The overall success of MTV was not only the cultural success but also the technological one. For instance, the emergence of satellite television and progress of internet were the major contributors that made MTV the global network. These technologies facilitated the global expansion of MTV and MTV culture. Moreover, the current progress of technologies opens wider opportunities for MTV to enhance its position in the global market and increase its cultural impact globally. However, MTV may face the growing opposition from the part of local communities, unless the company changes its cultural policies.

Distinguishing Between Hardwood and Softwood Trees

Distinguishing Between Hardwood and Softwood Trees The terms hardwood and softwood are widely used in the construction industry and among woodworkers to distinguish between species with wood regarded as hard and durable and those that are considered soft and easily shaped. And while this is generally true, it is not an absolute rule. Distinctions Between Hardwood and Softwood In reality, the technical distinction has to do with the reproductive biology of the species. Informally, trees categorized as hardwoods are usually deciduous - meaning they lose their leaves in the autumn. Softwoods are conifers, which have needles rather than traditional leaves  and retain them through the winter. And while generally speaking the average hardwood is a good deal harder and more durable than the average softwood, there are examples of deciduous hardwoods that are much softer than the hardest softwoods. An example is balsa, a hardwood that is quite soft when compared to the wood from yew trees, which is quite durable and hard. Really, though, the technical distinction between hardwoods and softwoods has to do with their methods for reproducing. Lets look at hardwoods and softwoods one at a time.   Hardwood Trees and Their Wood Definition and Taxonomy:  Hardwoods are woody-fleshed plant species that are angiosperms (the seeds are enclosed in ovary structures). This might be a fruit, such as an apple, or a hard shell, such as an acorn or  hickory nut.  These plants also are not monocots (the seeds have more than one rudimentary leaf as they sprout). The woody stems in hardwoods have vascular tubes that transport water through the wood; these appear as pores when wood is viewed under magnification in cross-section.  These same pores create a wood grain pattern, which increases the woods density and workability.Uses: Timber from hardwood species is most commonly used in furniture, flooring, wood moldings, and fine veneers.  Common species examples: Oak, maple, birch, walnut, beech, hickory, mahogany, balsa, teak, and alder.Density: Hardwoods are generally denser and heavier than softwoods.  Cost: Varies widely, but typically more expensive than softwoods.Growth rate: Varies, but all grow more slowl y than softwoods, a major reason why they are more expensive. Leaf structure: Most hardwoods have broad, flat leaves that shed over a period of time in the fall. Softwood Trees and Their Wood Definition and Taxonomy:  Softwoods, on the other hand, are  gymnosperms  (conifers) with naked seeds not contained by a fruit or nut. Pines,  firs, and spruces, which grow seeds in cones, fall into this category. In conifers, seeds are released into the wind once they mature. This spreads the plants seed over a wide area, which gives an early advantage over many hardwood species.Softwoods do not have pores but instead have linear tubes called tracheids that provide nutrients for growth. These tracheids do the same thing as hardwood pores - they transport water and produce sap that protects from pest invasion and provides the essential elements for tree growth.Uses: Softwoods are most often used in dimension lumber for construction framing, pulpwood for paper, and sheet goods, including particleboard,  plywood, and fiberboard.Species examples: Cedar, Douglas fir, juniper, pine, redwood, spruce, and yew.Density: Softwoods are typically lighter in weight and less dense than hardwoods.Cost: Most species are considerably less expensive than hardwoods, making them the clear favorite for any structural application where the wood will not be seen. Growth rate: Softwoods are fast-growing as compared to most hardwoods, one reason why they are less expensive.Leaf structure: With rare exceptions, softwoods are conifers with needle-like leaves that remain on the tree year-round, though they are gradually shed as they age. In most cases, a softwood conifer completes a changeover of all its needles every two years.

The DREAM Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The DREAM Act - Essay Example Background: According to the website Dream Act of 2009, the proposal legislation â€Å"is a long anticipated Immigration Bill which was just introduced in the US Congress (both Senate and House) on March 26, 2009. This original legislation was proposed to provide millions of immigrant children who graduate from U.S. High Schools the opportunity to receive U.S. Residency (a "Green Card") after so many years of being left in the shadows by State and Federal laws.† This innovative legislation would render immigration benefits to several young individuals who are presently considered as illegal migrants in the country. And this is the very reason that why several law makers and analysts oppose this bill. For example, reputed immigration policy analyst Krikorian has asserted that â€Å"all amnesties have at least three harmful consequences, and the DREAM Act ignores all three. The first of these is massive fraud. Perhaps one-fourth of those legalized under the 1986 Immigration Ref orm and Control Act received amnesty fraudulently, including Mahmud Abouhalima, a leader of the first World Trade Center attack.† Hence, review of immigration enforcement is a precondition to the enactment of the proposed DREAM Act. Thesis Statement: The DREAM Act can benefit both the US economy and the young immigrants in the country provided that immigration enforcement within the provisions of the proposed Act is properly implemented and fraudulent practices are prevented. Analysis Benefits: The DREAM Act seeks to legalize the undocumented youth and young adults in the country if they fulfill certain educational criteria and effort to obtain college graduation. From an economic viewpoint, legalization of unauthorized students can be an important incentive for them to work hard and graduate from a high school. This will improve their chances of obtaining higher education. Ultimately, the overall number of college graduates in the country will increase. College graduates obta in higher salaries and hence they will yield higher tax revenues as well. The increased financial contribution of the legalized educated immigrants will repay the necessary educational investments within a few years. Thereafter, the system would provide a profit to the tax payers for several decades. â€Å"The impact of legalization would not be limited to increased earnings, tax revenues, and social services savings. In a stable economy, such legalization would enable thousands of young immigrants to join the legal workforce, helping businesses and the economy fill crucial needs.† (Perez, xxix) Apart from benefiting the economy in a holistic way, DREAM Act will stop the exploitation of the unauthorized students in a cash economy. Forced, illegal labor will be prevented and better life standards will be ensured. Immigration Enforcement: According to the DREAM Act of 2009 Sec. 5 (c) and (d), if the youths and young adults (who arrived in the United States before 16 years of ag e) have graduated from the country’s high school, achieved a GED, and are pursuing a college degree (or rendering military service), they can be given permanent residency (there are several other residential, moral, and gender specific conditions too). Moreover, these potential citizens should be aged between 12 to 35 years at the time of the bill enactment. In this way, the educational requirements enforced by the DREAM Act already make the citizenship criteria even under amnesty rather strict. The way the American institutions work, only the best of the young aliens will be able to pass the education benchmarking provided by the proposed Act. Thus â€Å"

Should the Meji Restoration be considered a revolution What were its Essay

Should the Meji Restoration be considered a revolution What were its consequences - Essay Example A number of reasons havce been put forward to justify that the Meiji Restorations was a revolution. Some of the justifications include the fact that the Meiji Restoration helped in ending the Tokugawa shogun while returning the Emperor to the Japanese central politics and culture. Law reports that the Meiji ‘revolution’ as some call it, also saw Japan change the way it relates with foreigners2. In this regard, he notes that after the restoration, Japan became more confident and home and ready to encounter the world for whatever cause. The restoration also helped in transforming Japan to a very powerful nation in the Asian continent both economically, politically and socially, all of which justifies that the Meiji Restoration was indeed a revolution. Law notes that, before the restoration of Japan, the Japanese people were under the control of the Tokugawa clan3. As a result, the Tokugawa clan control all the social, economic and political affairs of the country. However, it is reported that the Tokugawa rulers used to oppress the people of Japan, thereby denying Japan the opportunity of making any meaningful development. Therefore, with the emergence of Kurobune, Commodore Perry in the 1850s accompanied by other barbarians, a strong opposition to the Edo began in earnest4. Sonnu joi’s henchmen through the â€Å"Revere the emperor and repel the barbarians,† realized the inability of Shogun to remove the barbarians as a big opportunity to ‘restore’ the prominence of Kyoto once again according to Law5. Reports indicate that the most angered of all by the Shoguns were the ‘men of spirit’ or shishi as they are commonly referred to as in Japanese language. The shishi are said to be a segment of the samurai clan and are very aggressive in pursuing their objectives even it means using force. Law reveals that as the opposition was continuing to mount against the Tokugawa clan, another more opposition started to stir u p6. This time the Chosu, Satsuma and the han clans began mobilizing their troops for the war. This resulted in the emergence of a revolution slogan â€Å"Enrich the country, strengthen the army† of the young Toshimichi Okubo of the Satsuma clan7. It is reported this move is what culminated in the emergence of the Maiji era. Law reports that the opposition armies soon began to modernize towards the end of the Shogunate, a move that continued even after the Meiji. Intense war continued between the opposition forces and the Tokugawa clan that had been under the control of Japan. However, since the opposition forces were more organized and appeared to have superior weapons than Tokugawa, then soon managed to topple Tokugawa in a coup de tat on January 3 1868, marking the end of their rule8. It was immediately after toppling the Tokugawa clan from power that the opposition legitimized the â€Å"Revolution† but instead adopted the term â€Å"Meiji Restoration†9. In th is regard, the Meiji Restoration meant taking away rule from the Shogunate and taking it back to the Emperor, whose name was Meiji. Significance/Consequences of Meiji Restoration Meiji Restoration is highly regarded as a historical event that helped in transforming Japan to what it is today. In this regard, it has a lot of significance as far as the history the revolution of Japan is concerned. Firstly, the restoration leadership transformation from the Shogunate to the Emperor, which was remarkable as far as the history of Japan is concerned. This saw the rule change hand from the feudalist to a more democratic system of government for the people10. We are also told

Horniman Horticulture Essay Example for Free

Horniman Horticulture Essay Executive Summary: Horniman Horticulture is a wholesale nursery located near Lynchburg, VA. Its owned by Bob and Maggie Brown. From 2002-2005, the nursery’s operations grew by more then 40%. Revenue growth has exceeded the industry benchmark. The nursery now consists of 52 greenhouses, 40 acres of land, and 12 full-time workers as well as 15 seasonal workers. Problem: While experiencing booming demand and improving margins, the Browns are confused by their plummeting cash balance. Analysis: Horniman’s current assets are growing over time, but in a less liquid fashion, less from cash and more from receivables and inventory. Horniman is not receiving money as quickly as they would hope, which is shown by the 9-day increase in receivable days since 2002 (exhibit 2 p.141). This figure is also well above its benchmark. The Inventory days increased every year as well and was well above the benchmark of 386.3. Payable days decreased much more than was expected, to 9.9 in 2005 when the benchmark was 27. What most likely happened is that as Horniman grew, it began selling inventories with higher margins and better financing options were being offered to its customers. Favorable terms are attractive to new clients but it can also increase risk of non-payment from customers. In terms of where the cash they have made is going, we must look at how they are distributing their cash flow. Most cash was invested back into the business itself to build capital. It seems as if every dollar of profit was put towards more net working capital. Recommendation: Increasing the payable days or lowering the day’s receivable outstanding would reduce the cash conversion cycle. Although it is important to invest cash back into the company for growth, a more conservative approach of holding on to more cash would benefit Horniman in the future.

A Time Of Prosperous Change :: essays research papers

A Time of Prosperous Change In the early nineteen hundreds when women used to be treated as objects who were only good for cooking and cleaning. These women were expected to stay home and do nothing but take care of the children. Authors were rarely women .Now in the present day a women is thought of as having a mind of her own. She is thought of as a independent, an individual who has a peace of mind of her own who is allowed to work and make a living as she pleases. Even we don't think of Weldon every time someone mentions a popular contemporary author we know she deserves to be mentioned. Both in the Critical Survey of Long Fiction and in Love and Marriage in the Novels of Anita Brookner and Fay Weldon Weldon is mentioned with great honor and respect. Anna Ericson uses more past situations in Fay Weldon's own life while contrasting her to Anita Brookner while in contrast the Critical Survey of Long Fiction criticizes the works without much comparison to others. Both the Magill and Anna Ericson have strong points on a women's individualism but Anna Ericson proves Weldon's choice of personality for the main character was one reflecting Weldon's own thoughts and morals. In the The Life and Loves of a She Devil Ruth is a character who is well developed who one can feel one with because of the fact that the author creates great depth to her as a character. In the Critical Survey of Long Fiction the author states that "In her fiction, Fay Weldon explores women's lives with wit and humor. She is caustic in her implicit condemnation of injustice but avoids preaching by characters say and what they do"(Magill 3474). On the other hand Ericson has more of a formula to Weldon's novels unlike the Critical Survey of Long Fiction. "The Weldon narrator is usually omniscient; she is wise, sad and cynical"(Ericson 1). which shows that the characters must be well developed to have such a personified personality. Magill rarely states how Ruth's personality had come about in The Life and Loves of a She Devil. Love was not an issue to Weldon when writing this novel this may be due to the lack of love in her very own life. Love was never thought of importance in the Critical Survey of Long Fiction. On the other hand in Love and Marriage in the Novels of Anita Brookner and Fay Weldon Ericson uses the subject of lack of love as the focus of his theories and that

Relationship Paper

A relationship between two people can have very different meanings. In some relationships such as two lovers, they can also be best of friends because they share some characteristics and qualities and have a good understanding of each other. A relationship between a parent and child has a special bond because they share love, and affection for each other no matter what the circumstances are there will always be some connection, even at its worst times. However, there are times when a relationship can go bad because there is no understanding, lack of communication, and a feeling of distance in the relationship.This may occur from mistakes or misunderstood acts from one another. It is believed that the parent-child relationship is the most influential relationship that there is. As of right now I believe that this is the relationship I must analyze more in-depth to get a full understanding of it and to just improve my daily life with them, but in particular my mother. My mother, like m ost Hispanics in her generation, did not grow up with half of the materialistic devices and privileges that I have had when growing up. She has come from a home that was riddled of alcohol and drug abuse.Even with those distractions at home she still managed to get straight A’s, so she says, and has had a job throughout her life since the age of 16. She says if it wasn’t for marriage and having kids she would not have dropped out of college, but she was comfortable where her family was heading and had made that decision. My mother is someone to look up to in my books because of her overcoming of obstacles that had stood in front of her like it was just taking another breath of air, and for my father, I don’t even want to start on that description.I’ll just leave it at that it is a privilege that I’m even walking this planet today. I believe my mother perceives me as taking the resources I have around me for granted. That I am just going through the motion of school and life and not tackling it like she did and still does. She sees an unemployed 20 year old at a junior college that has had recent trouble with the law. I am not putting up the biggest argument against her because I know I could be doing more to be excelling further in school and being more responsible for my own actions. I don’t think she fully understands the commitment of being in ootball during school. It really is like having a job year-round that gives you a 2 month break yearly. I know she gets her perceptions on what she hears at work at the sheriff’s department, which does not help, or what she sees on the news on television. So I believe her ideas on what people my age is a little bias. To overcome these perceptions and to better our relationship I believe we can communicate with each other more than we are now. Telling her more information about what goes on and what I am doing in my life can more likely give her a better idea on who I am or who I am on track of becoming.Telling her more and more of what I am doing and disclosing my-self, I believe can make her feel more comfortable with me. By self-disclosing my-self it can give her assurance with what kind of person I am. With the way things are going between us right now I can only imagine who she thinks I am. When a mother does not know much about his son you can see as to why they can get carried away with ideas on who they might be but not who they are. However, there also might be some things that she sees about me that I don’t realize myself.Those mother-to-child instincts are still a wonder to us all. She might see something about me that whenever I am in a serious relationship I seem to be more stressed, or that i am calm with her in our conversations. My emotions on the way I converse with her tell her a lot about myself. Emotion management is essential to maintaining a healthy relationship. For example, if I failed a mid-term that day and she does not know, she cannot prepare for the negative responses, if any, to her questions and she most likely would not want to hold a conversation with me.She can start to build an idea that I am not consistent with who I am and lead up to fewer conversations to build on our relationship. However, emotion management does have its cons. For instance, if I am not happy with something she is doing and I never express anything about it the relationship for me might start to become one-sided meaning only she is happy with relational content. Sometimes giving feedback about some ones actions is the best way to maintain a relationship.Relationship maintenance between her and I is a must. If I want her to be appy with me then I have to put in my part. If I am just sitting around the house not contributing to anything or with the household how could I expect her to be happy with me. When she sees me applying myself she can have many reasons to be happy or proud with what I am doing. How can she no t be if she knows I am taking advantage of the opportunities around me? For example, if I am maintaining a 3. 0 grade point average while holding a part time job and in a year-round sport like football, she should not have reason to be upset or concerned with me. Relationship Paper A relationship between two people can have very different meanings. In some relationships such as two lovers, they can also be best of friends because they share some characteristics and qualities and have a good understanding of each other. A relationship between a parent and child has a special bond because they share love, and affection for each other no matter what the circumstances are there will always be some connection, even at its worst times. However, there are times when a relationship can go bad because there is no understanding, lack of communication, and a feeling of distance in the relationship.This may occur from mistakes or misunderstood acts from one another. It is believed that the parent-child relationship is the most influential relationship that there is. As of right now I believe that this is the relationship I must analyze more in-depth to get a full understanding of it and to just improve my daily life with them, but in particular my mother. My mother, like m ost Hispanics in her generation, did not grow up with half of the materialistic devices and privileges that I have had when growing up. She has come from a home that was riddled of alcohol and drug abuse.Even with those distractions at home she still managed to get straight A’s, so she says, and has had a job throughout her life since the age of 16. She says if it wasn’t for marriage and having kids she would not have dropped out of college, but she was comfortable where her family was heading and had made that decision. My mother is someone to look up to in my books because of her overcoming of obstacles that had stood in front of her like it was just taking another breath of air, and for my father, I don’t even want to start on that description.I’ll just leave it at that it is a privilege that I’m even walking this planet today. I believe my mother perceives me as taking the resources I have around me for granted. That I am just going through the motion of school and life and not tackling it like she did and still does. She sees an unemployed 20 year old at a junior college that has had recent trouble with the law. I am not putting up the biggest argument against her because I know I could be doing more to be excelling further in school and being more responsible for my own actions. I don’t think she fully understands the commitment of being in ootball during school. It really is like having a job year-round that gives you a 2 month break yearly. I know she gets her perceptions on what she hears at work at the sheriff’s department, which does not help, or what she sees on the news on television. So I believe her ideas on what people my age is a little bias. To overcome these perceptions and to better our relationship I believe we can communicate with each other more than we are now. Telling her more information about what goes on and what I am doing in my life can more likely give her a better idea on who I am or who I am on track of becoming.Telling her more and more of what I am doing and disclosing my-self, I believe can make her feel more comfortable with me. By self-disclosing my-self it can give her assurance with what kind of person I am. With the way things are going between us right now I can only imagine who she thinks I am. When a mother does not know much about his son you can see as to why they can get carried away with ideas on who they might be but not who they are. However, there also might be some things that she sees about me that I don’t realize myself.Those mother-to-child instincts are still a wonder to us all. She might see something about me that whenever I am in a serious relationship I seem to be more stressed, or that i am calm with her in our conversations. My emotions on the way I converse with her tell her a lot about myself. Emotion management is essential to maintaining a healthy relationship. For example, if I failed a mid-term that day and she does not know, she cannot prepare for the negative responses, if any, to her questions and she most likely would not want to hold a conversation with me.She can start to build an idea that I am not consistent with who I am and lead up to fewer conversations to build on our relationship. However, emotion management does have its cons. For instance, if I am not happy with something she is doing and I never express anything about it the relationship for me might start to become one-sided meaning only she is happy with relational content. Sometimes giving feedback about some ones actions is the best way to maintain a relationship.Relationship maintenance between her and I is a must. If I want her to be appy with me then I have to put in my part. If I am just sitting around the house not contributing to anything or with the household how could I expect her to be happy with me. When she sees me applying myself she can have many reasons to be happy or proud with what I am doing. How can she no t be if she knows I am taking advantage of the opportunities around me? For example, if I am maintaining a 3. 0 grade point average while holding a part time job and in a year-round sport like football, she should not have reason to be upset or concerned with me.

Position Paper: Hunger

October 5, 2012/Position Paper English 10 Thesis Statement: The government should make the education more accessible to alleviate hunger. Outline: I. Hunger in the Philippines II. Cause of Hunger A. Poverty in the country B. Unemployment in the country C. Incapability in acquiring quality education III. Accessible education for all people as solution in alleviating hunger Menu for the Day: Education for All People One major problem in our world today is hunger. Let us use Philippines as an example. In the latest survey of Social Weather Stations (SWS), 23. 8 % of Filipinos or estimated as 4. million Filipinos experience hunger at least once in past three months. This latest hunger rate surpassed the highest record of 23. 7 % in December 2008. (Flores, pars. 1-3) This only shows that a lot of people experiences hunger in our country right now. What could be the probable causes of this? Let us discuss each probable cause one by one using statistics. One evident cause I see for this is poverty. In another survey conducted by SWS, 51 % or estimated 10. 3 million Filipino households considered themselves poor, lower by 4 points from 55 % or 11. 1 million families in March.Also stated in the survey, about 39 % or about 7. 9 million Filipino families rated themselves â€Å"food-poor†, lower by six points from 45% or 9. 1 million previously. (Flores, pars. 1-3) Even though we can see improvements in the rates, it is still not enough to say that we are alleviating it. Another cause I see is unemployment. In a survey by National Statistics Office (NSO), the unemployment rate dropped to 6. 9 % compared to last year’s 7. 1 %. The poll showed that Metro Manila registered the highest unemployment rate at 10. 4 percent. Among the jobless, 62. 3 percent are male and 37. are female. More than half—51. 7 percent—are between 15 to 27 years old. Among educational groups, 32. 8 percent—or almost a third—of the unemployed are high school gra duates, 13. 8 are college undergraduates and 21 percent are college graduates. (Caraballo, pars. 1-4) Another cause I see is number of people who can’t acquire quality education. The Filipinos start off with 80% of them going to the elementary schools. However, the percentage decreases directly to only 48% of them going to the high schools. It even decreases down to 20% of the Filipinos, who go to the colleges and the universities.Even though students go to the schools to study, the books they use have several errors with unreliable information, grammatical and spelling errors. (Kim and Reyes, pars. 2) These three causes are inter-connected to each other, meaning one causes the other. The incapability of most people to acquire quality education results to unemployment since these people doesn’t have enough skills to get their desired job. Also, good job opportunities have large demands that those who didn’t acquire quality education are the least opportunity in the employment.Because of people don’t have jobs, this make them incapable in producing enough income to support their families, which is poverty. Poverty then leads to hunger for they don’t have enough money to satisfy their need for food. If the causes of hunger are inter-connected with each other, then same are the solutions. The government should first make the education here in the Philippines more accessible. If every member of the society has enough skill to get their desired job, there will be less people who are unemployed.If every individual in the working force have jobs, they will be capable in providing the necessities of their families including food. Thus, alleviating the hunger in our country even in the world. Works Cited: Caraballo, Flores, Helen. â€Å"Self-rated Poverty Down – SWS. † The Philippine Star. The Philippine Star,2012. Web. 29 June 2012 Flores, Helen. â€Å"SWS: 4. 8 M Families Experience Hunger. † The Philippine Sta r. The PhilippineStar, 2012. Web. 9 May 2012

The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Essay Example

The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Essay Example The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Paper The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Paper Keratin and collagen are very vital within the bodys structure; both are very similar in nature, being that they derive from amino acids, which make up their respective proteins. They both fall under a group of particular proteins known as scleroproteins or fibrous in nature. Majority of their structure consist of left-handed helix structures1. Scleroproteins make up one of the two major protein categories, the other being globular. Keratin and collagen each represent one of the three subclasses within scleroproteins. As scleroproteins their jobs are to provide support and protection for the body. They are adapt for this because of their complex structure of repeating polypeptide chains which strengthen as the bind together; this and their insolubility are vital in maintaining the anatomy of the body. Whilst being similar in some ways, collagen and keratin remain different in their specific functions and role. As mentioned above keratin is one of the three scleroproteins. It is an extremely strong, insoluble tertiary protein; it is the main constituent in the structures of various parts in the body. These include the skin, hair, nails, as well as horns and hooves in animals. The variety of body compounds that contain keratin show that it is a material that varies depending on function. In relation to skin, the amino acids, which make it up are arranged differently from any other form of keratin and make up the soft layer known as skin. It is present in all epithelial cells, those on the outer surface and on the inner surface such as the lining of the digestive tract. On the other end of things nails contain keratin, which are very hard. Other hard substances such as horns and hooves are formed by epithelial cells adapting to growing generous amounts of keratin and then dying as individual cells, leaving the keratin to form into these hard structures2. Where keratin is needed to be hard the arrangement of specific amino acids respond to the need to form a tough material. One of keratins important qualities is that it has the ability to flex and not tear of become destroyed. Keratin reinforces epithelial cells by helping to maintain their connections between cells. Cornification also known as keratinization is the foundation of how keratin in formed. The outer cells on the epidermis lose their function in this process, the cells organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria disappear and metabolism ceases as the cells become replaced by keratin. This new layer is incapable of sensory perception and is classified as dead. Keratin covers the width of a cell enabling it to connect indirectly with other keratin in adjoining cell to form junctions called desmosomes2, this makes the outer most layer of non-porous, almost water proof. There are many types of keratin found in the body and in mammals, each type structured to suit its function. The most common form of keratin found in most parts of the body is alpha keratin3. They have long fibrous strands that super coil into alpha helixes, the folds and the short repeating units along the polypeptide chain are what make up their composition. The alpha helix is formed from an alpha keratin polypeptide, two of these twists around each other to form a coil. The hydrophobic strips on one helix associates itself with the other. This allows the side chains to interlock. The combination of the two coils is known as a dimmer. This is the basis of the protofilament of which 2 make up a protofibril. Four protofibrils make up a microfibril. The associations of many microfibrils form a macrofibril4. Hair for example consists of layers of dead cells that are packed with macrofibrils. The diagram below shows a general idea of how the higher order of alpha keratin is structured. A key feature of its structure is that is contains cysteine disulfide, this makes up for almost 24% of the amino acid structure5, it allows it to form disulphide bridges which forms a helix shape that is extremely strong. As the sulphur atoms bond covalently to each other across the helix, it forms a fibrous matrix, which is highly stable. High percentages of glycine and alanine aid to the formation of hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent peptide bonds6. The disulphide bridges and hydrogen bonding cause insolubility in things like water. This structural feature is vital in mammals. The long filaments present in the structure provide support for the epithelial cells that contain keratin such as skin. It protects the body from damage by allowing other tissues to form around it and stabilize. Collagen is one of other types of scleroprotein, as with keratin it is an important part in majority of the bodys structures. It is the main component in connective tissue. It makes up for roughly 25% of the bodys protein7. Its strength and insolubility make it the most abundant protein in mammals. Being a connective protein it is seen in body tissues such as the skin, muscles, tendon and cartilage. There are about 25 different types of collagen that occur in the body. Collagen widely works with the other scleroproteins supporting the bodys tissues. It does this by providing support, firmness and strength. Collagen may be seen in different forms such as endomysium and fibrous tissue8, different types being made for different parts of the body such as the cornea, bone, blood vessels as well as the gut. It is able to withstand intense pulling and stretching. It makes up the major stress bearing parts of connective tissue4. One of the most important qualities of collagen is strength; it has the tensile strength of steel and is used to strengthen bone similarly to how metal rods reinforce concrete. It has been seen as a form of glue that hold the body together; with out it the human body would not be one complete structure. Collagen appears to be able to do this as a result of features within its structure. For a long period of time scientists have struggled to identify the exact structure of collagen, this is because of its unusual amino acid composition. Collagen has a super-coiled helical shape, it is long, stringy, strong, and resembles a rope. Its primary structure consists of a repeating sequence of glycine and two other amino acids, often proline and hydroxyproline; this forms its sturdy structure. These amino acids cause the chain not to gain the normal alpha- helix or beta- sheet structure; instead they form the long separate chains that allow the collagen triple helix to form9. A single strand of collagen is composed of three chains of polypeptides each being about 1000 amino acids long, the three strands are arranged parallel to each other and are wound up into a triple helix. The bundling of the fiber together and hydrogen bonding between the lengths of the polypeptide chain give it strength. The diagram below gives a general idea as to how a collagen fiber is shaped. Collagens tightly wound matrix of fibers in its structure is very vital in its function, being that majority of the body comprises of it, it need be very strong. For instance collagen is a major component of tendons, which connect muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones to joints. The variance of collagen in these two parts is very little, but remain specialised for both areas. Both parts require strength and flexibility, things that are provided and adjusted from the compactions of the collagen fibers. As mentioned collagen varies in strength and flexibility depending on where its located and its function as connective tissue. Structural defects within the structures of vital proteins such as collagen and keratin can be responsible for major metabolic related diseases. Osteogenesis imperfecta also known as brittle bone disease is an example of one of these conditions that affect collagen. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that causes extremely fragile bones. As a result people with the condition tend to have many fractures within a lifetime. It is an inherited disease; it is caused by mutations within the genes of type 1 collagen (the most prevalent collagen in the body). The deficiency stems from the substitution of the amino acid glycine, it should normally be at every third position for the triple helix to form properly, mutations that result in amino acids other than glycine in that position cause an issue within the collagen complex which produce unstable helices. The bodys lack of response to the dysfunctional collagen structure allows it to be hydrolyzed. When unstable helices form in the collagen associated with tendons and bones, such as Type I collagen, severely weak bone formation results10. There are 8 types of OI ranging form type I- VIII. The later being the worst case of it. The severity the condition depends on the specific gene defect. OI is typically hard to generalize as it varies from person to person, even when two people in the same family have the same form of it, the characteristics may be completely different. Symptoms of the condition vary; they may include blue sclera and early hearing loss. Milder forms of OI result in bowed arms and legs, scoliosis and kyphosis11. Currently there arent any cures for the condition. Treatment is directed toward preventing or controlling the symptoms, maximizing independent mobility, and developing optimal bone mass and muscle strength. Various forms of therapy are in place to reduce suffering for individuals with the condition. In extremely severe cases a surgical procedure called rodding is used. This involves inserting metal rods through the length of the long bones to strengthen them and prevent and/or correct deformities12. Research into various medication and other treatments are being explored, some include growth hormones, gene therapy and other multiple types of drugs.

Changing Business Environment for Model of Airtel-

It is a fact that in order to achieve profit-making opportunities, organizations desire to go international and they adopt several different ways and tactics which they think will provide them competitive advantage. In the foreign markets, the organizations intend to increase the sale of their production and services and therefore, they sell their products and services at very lower cost. The same strategy is used by the Bharti Airtel in its business operation. It expands its business through low-cost models and targets the other emerging countries for more sale of its services (Aggarwal, 2013). The uniqueness of Bharti Airtel lies in the fact that it has entered into the emerging new markets. The very first advantage that it receives is that it can get benefit for the capabilities and resources of those emerging countries that always seek for getting an opportunity for expanding their services. Hence, in most of they get merged along with the leading organizations such as Bharti Air tel (Damodaran, 2013). Curwen and Whalley (2014), have stated that Airtel shares its stake with the other industries in the field of telecommunication like they did with the Warburg pictures in order to ensure better industrial growth. Such a diverse collaboration is indeed an unique approach which is not followed by the other European MNEs. Along with that, the model of Bharti Airtel is regarded as a unique model for the telecom as it is an effective model for every emerging market like China and India. In many countries apart from these, Airtel has emerged as a dominant player because of its innovative and unique method of business as well as strong brand. Most of the companies belonging from the same industries, focus on getting a hold of the Indian markets, while on the other hand, Airtel is continuously thriving to put more concentration on the international markets. The management team of Airtel has realized that the extensive experience of the company that it has gathered fro m the Indian markets, with its distinctive business model will help to grab the opportunity that is provided by the other developing markets. This has resulted in Airtel, claiming the Zain Group’s telecom business in more than ten different countries of Africa (White, 2013). This has given the company a good start in the African continent as well. However there are several other factors that Airtel fouces on and these factors also contribute to the uniqueness of the Airtel. These factors are mentioned below: One of the most unique models of Airtel that makes it different from the other European MNEs is that of its â€Å"minute factory model†, which they have used in Bangladesh after gaining the Warid Telecom (Satanarayana, Sambasiva & Krishnamurthy, 2017). Furthermore, its international corporate level strategies are also unique to that of the MNEs. They are mentioned below: - The primary motive of a brand for attaining competitive advantage and profit-making opportunities are two of the factors that affect the brand recognition in order to develop all over the world. These motives could be achieved by changing the global environment. In this context, Zhu, Sarkis & Lai (2013) have been stated that such an expansion of a business could easily take place through encouraging the development of the organizational performance and minimizing the trade barriers. There are several organizations such as the manufacturing or retail companies that is going hand in hand with the trend and has been adopted the modern technology of computerization in order to reach their customers around the world, notwithstanding the fact that they do not have any outlet or any kind of physical store present in that country. With the same, organization such as the Bharti Airtel always looks forward towards the present of opportunities in order to access the resources from other natio ns around the globe. They search for an opportunity so that those resources could be obtained through acquiring the other companies in the same field of the developing or emerging nations. Deshmukh, Deshmukh and Thampi (2013) have stated that companies such as Bharti Airtel also reduce their cost with an intention that more number of people from the new nation could use their products. Along with that, the stability in the relation of the international organization and the development of technologies that made it so easy to trade in the international market and incensement has also driven the internationalism of Bharti Airtel. Aggarwal, R. (2013). Adjusting to BRICs in glass houses: replacing obsolete institutions and business models.  Thunderbird International Business Review,  55(1), 37-54. Cappelli, P., Singh, H., Singh, J., & Useem, M. (2015). Indian business leadership: Broad mission and creative value.  The Leadership Quarterly,  26(1), 7-12. Damodaran, S. (2013). New strategies of industrial organization: outsourcing and consolidation in the mobile telecom sector in India. Deshmukh, S. P., Deshmukh, P., & Thampi, G. T. (2013). Transformation from E-commerce to M-commerce in Indian Context.  International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI),  10(4), 55. Moshi, G. C., & Mwakatumbula, H. J. (2017). Effects of political stability and sector regulations on investments in African mobile markets.  Telecommunications Policy,  41(7-8), 651-661. Satyanarayana, D., Rao, K. S., & Naidu, S. K. (2017). The impact of Reliance Jio on Indian mobile industry-A case study on mergers and acquisitions of idea–Vodafone and Airtel–Telenor.  IJAR,  3(3), 209-212. White, L. (2013). Emerging powers in Africa: Is Brazil any different?.  South African Journal of International Affairs,  20(1), 117-136. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., & Lai, K. H. (2013). Institutional-based antecedents and performance outcomes of internal and external green supply chain management practices.  Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,  19(2), 106-117. .com is the only dissertation service provider in Australia that provides cheap dissertation help while maintaining all quality standards. Hence, students, from various Australian cities prefer taking dissertation help from us. Sydney, Brisbane, Perth and Melbourne rank to when it comes to availing dissertation writing assistance from .com. Our dissertation writers, editors and experts work together to provide students highest quality dissertation help solutions. buy dissertation online from to acquire the final degree without any hassle. You are required to write a researched argument essay that convinces persuades the reader of your position / stance. This is an academic, researched and referenced do... Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to elaborate the factors which are considered by individuals before selecting an occupation. Choosing an occupati... Introduction With the increase enhancement in the field of technology, it has been considered essential by the businesses to implement such technology in their b... Executive Summary In a merger & acquisition, role of an HR has emerged as a very critical function. At each stage of merger and acquisition process, HR plays a s... Introduction In this competitive business environment where every business organization is trying to attract the customers of each other, it becomes essential for ... 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Poem Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Poem Analysis - Essay Example ng the lines in Yeats’ â€Å"Second Coming† with Sassoon’s â€Å"Glory of Women†, I would say that one of their similarities would be how their poem described the dire conditions of the World War and how it seeps out the life and joy of people. An example of some intersections between the lines of the â€Å"Second Coming† and â€Å"Glory of Women† would be, â€Å"Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere. The ceremony of innocence is drowned† from The Second Coming; and â€Å"You crown our distant ardours while we fight, And mourn our laurelled memories when were killed. You cant believe that British troops retire. When hells last horror breaks them, and they run, Trampling the terrible corpses--blind with blood,† from â€Å"Glory of Women†, which both talks about the casualties of war (Glory of Women, n.d.). All three poems have a similar theme, expressing the occurrences during the World War. All three are interconnected in such a way that â€Å"Glory of Women† details the experiences of people during the World War; â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum† then foretells of the aftermath of the World War, where the living conditions are undesirable; while â€Å"The Second Coming† gives hope to an escape from the cruel world through the hope of the coming of a savior that will end all suffering and

HISTORY Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HISTORY - Article Example This theory emphasis on mass communication as an agent to change. This theory is another example of planned change. Planned change has high probability of relapse and regression. Emergent change is sudden and not anticipated. The societies as well as individuals are always prone to change. Change basically refers to making or becoming different in some particular way without losing permanently the original characteristics. It may also mean, to become different in essence. Change can either be sudden or might be planned such that it is bound to happen, at one time or another. Change can either be individual, intergroup or social. In individuals change is further categorized into emotional, behavioral and cognitive. In inter-personal or relationships, change involves; contact hypothesis, de categorization and re-categorization and also acknowledgement, mourning and forgiveness. (Zaltman, 1977, p. 45). Basically, change can be emergent or planned; this whole issue depends on the type of change that we are talking about. If for instance we are talking about individual change management, Kurt Lewin in his model of change states that, there are 3 stages in this process. The first stage is called 'unfreezing'. (Harris 2004, p56.). According to Kurt, this stage involves overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing mindset of the individual. At this stage the natural defense mechanisms have to be by passed. Change occurs in the second stage. ... The final stage according to Kurt is known as the "Re-freezing" stage. The new mind step is beginning to get into place and one's comfort level is returning to the earlier levels. (Macredie 1998, p.53). An example in this model would be a drug addict who is determined to quit drugs. During the initial stages or otherwise known as the unfreezing period, the person is trying hard to stop the abuse. He/she has to contend with withdrawal symptoms and some are even likely to go back to drugs. They enter the second stage. The second stage is characterized by confusion. One doesn't know what they want. They are out of drugs but still looking for alternative replacements. The 'unfreezing' stage marks the complete metamorphosis form drugs to a drug free person. One is also comfortable with his/her new life style. (Bennis 1976, p.38). According to this theory, we can therefore see that change was planned because it has to undergo all those stages. According to Kubler-Ross's model change can also be emergent. The stages in this model describe the personal and emotional states that a person encounters when dealing with loss of a loved one. This type of change happens without prior arrangements or plan. Indeed, in some cases, people have gone mad after learning that their dear ones have died. The impact of that news is so strong that someone who was jolly and completely happy may even faint after hearing bad news. (Zaltman, 1977, p.63). Other people's lives never remain to be the same after such an ordeal. A young man, who was always happy and kind to almost anyone, developed emotional problems as well as temperament problems after he had an accident and realized that he was never going to walk again because he had been paralyzed. The derivatives of Ross's model can

Media Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Programming - Essay Example Television and films may also ruin the eyesight of people. The television projects contrast and brightness that could cause a reaction against people’s eyes. This makes the eyesight weaker. Also, this causes soreness in the eyes, and inn extreme cases, it may result to complete visual impairment in individuals. Movies encourage violence in the society. There is no doubt that there is a high production of violent movies now than ever before. This influences people in a big way by encouraging shootings, fights and disrespect in teenagers. These movies may also encourage indulgence in cults. A report from http://www.cybercollege.com/violence.html indicates that children who watch violent movies may end up getting convicted of a crime. Media programs also encourage a Larger than Life Character among children and teenagers. Media programs may air movies with skilled fighters, acrobatics and human beings with superhuman powers. This may cause children to try dangerous things in order to have the superhuman characters. For example, after watching Spiderman, children may subject themselves to spider bites. Media programs may also act as a means to propaganda. The main goal of film makers is to increase profits. Therefore, they may use controversial topics such as legalization of drugs, racism or human sexuality. The use of propaganda helps the filmmakers reach more people. However, it may raise agitations, protests and uproar among people. Media programs have many advantages and impacts in people’s lives.

Floral Diversity in Organic and Modern Farming

Floral Diversity in Organic and Modern Farming Is Organic Farming better for floral diversity than modern farming? 1.0 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction. Agriculture has had a profound impact upon biological diversity. Agricultural specialization, mechanisation and intensification leading to compaction and soil erosion, and poor farm management, have resulted in a global decline in plant, invertebrate and bird numbers in recent decades (Stoate et al., 2001). The Law of Specialization has encouraged the clearing of natural habitat for the cultivation of a few species, with biodiversity being the victim of this â€Å"trade off† between productivity and variety. This â€Å"modern† approach to agriculture was encouraged and sponsored (i.e. through the Common Agricultural Policy – CAP) by the government after the Second World War. The impact of rationing was still fresh in the minds of the UK population and a concentrated effort was made to increase agricultural output. The â€Å"baby boom† of the 1950s also added incentive to these efforts. The drive to increase agric ultural output was a great success. New fertilizers (N, P, K) and pesticides (DDT etc) were extremely successful at improving crop yields. As time went by however, evidence began to slowly emerge of environmental damage. Despite growing environmental concerns, and numerous academic studies highlighting the negative impact upon floral diversity by modern agricultural practices, the world’s population is estimated to rise to 9-10 billion by 2050, which means there will be increasing pressure on land to build new homes. Consequently, global food security is heavily dependant upon technological advances in order to avoid Malthusians scenario of poverty and famine due to â€Å"overpopulation†.   The question is whether organic farming is better for floral diversity compared with â€Å"modern† farming, but ultimately, even if evidence points to the fact that organic is more favourable than â€Å"modern methods†, the question will be will it be capable of meeting the growing demands placed on agriculture and solve environmental problems? 1.2 Early concerns Rachel Carson sounded the warning bell against the processes and practices associated with agricultural intensification in her book, Silent Spring, published in 1962. In it Carson takes a negative view on the increasing use of agricultural chemicals:    Since the mid-nineteen forties, over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, rodents and other organisms described in the modern vernacular as pests, and they are sold under several thousand different brand names. The sprays, dusts and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests and homes non-selective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the good and the bad, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams to coat the leaves with a deadly film and to linger on in soil all this, though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life? They should not be called insecticides but biocides. (Carson, 1962). Carson also talked about the detrimental use of Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). Research in the intervening years have somewhat validated her basic argument, though there were some criticisms concerning inaccuracies in her book. The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs).   POPs, of which DDT is one of a so called â€Å"dirty dozen†, are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife.   In acting as a signatory to the Convention, the Government signalled its intention to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. 2.0 Pollution and Biodiversity Our knowledge of the ways in which Biodiversity is essential for the survival of humans, in addition to many other species, is still evolving. From unidentified species to potentially undiscovered medicines, biodiversity is an issue of worldwide importance, providing natural resources which are essential for sustaining not only life on earth, but also economic activities. Biodiversity helps to maintain a healthy and stable environment in which businesses can operate, and its conservation is increasingly viewed by scientists, economists and businesses alike as a key part of economic stability. The growth of environmental legislation in recent times represents a governmental acknowledgement of, and response to, a strong body of scientific data establishing links between pollution and the environment. In the UK, The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, established in 1970, interpreted â€Å"pollution† in broad terms of the â€Å"introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structures or amenity, or interference with legitimate uses of the environment† (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2004).   The availability of natural resources is dependant on a stable environment, which is maintained by complex interactions and processes within and between ecosystems. Any significant impacts of environmental pollution on biodiversity can impact upon our biosphere (Trevors, J.T., 2003). The costs following the loss of ecosystem services, and the resources they support, are unpredictable but likely to be considerable, therefore the management and minimisation of this risk should be of high strategic importance to any business. The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution’s broad definition of pollution effectively means that pollution can be anything that causes damage and/or aggravation to people, wildlife, or the environment such as chemicals, noise or gases. Due to the complex nature of relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, the release of pollutants into the environment can not only kill organisms outright, but they can also change the conditions and processes occurring within a system and result in changes that can degrade entire habitats and disrupt ecological processes. These changes have the potential to cause long-term environmental change through the accumulative effects of their release. Pollutants arise from a variety of sources, such as toxic substances, accidental spills, industrial processes or illegal dumping. Not all pollutants are necessarily man-made, however, human activities often exacerbate or increase their polluting effects. For example, uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive waste that needs to be safely managed, increasing the risk of contamination and radiation that can cause lethal genetic mutations and killing living organisms. In terms of biodiversity, uranium mining often occurs in remote areas that are considered valuable for biological diversity, therefore the control of risks such as leakages into groundwater and food chains is essential. The amount of pollution in the environment is a very significant issue; pollution needs to be reduced in order to reduce its impact on biodiversity. Efforts to reduce pollution often reveal the complex nature of environmental pollution. In the UK during the 1970s and 1980s there was a growing realization that freshwater eutrophication was an increasing problem. Initial research pointed to phosphorus from industrial pollution as the main source of pollution, particularly from Sewage Treatment Works (STWs) due to a growth in phosphate-based detergents. Additional tertiary treatment at STWs failed to reduce levels of eutrophication in the long-term and it soon became clear that diffuse pollution from agriculture was, and is, the main factor resulting in continued water quality problems. The use of P fertilizer has generally exceeded agronomic requirements and led to soil P saturation. Whilst P is an essential plant nutrient, excessive concentrations are affecting the ecosystems natural coping mechanism. The result is one of â€Å"the most pressing environmental problems facing the UK today† (Environment Agency, 2005). 2.1 Ecological Impacts What are the associated ecological impacts of the post-war drive in agricultural intensification? The impact of this intensification on bird populations has been dramatic. Birds provide good indicators of environmental change as they are easily monitored, well researched, and high up in the food chain (Furness and Greenwood, 1993). Between 1970 and 1990, Fuller et al (1995) found that 24 out of 28 species had contracted in range, with a decline of abundance in 15 out of 18 species for which population change could be assessed. Of these species, seven had declined by more than 50%, declines being most pronounced amongst granivorous species (i.e., those with a substantial seed component in the diet). Similar range contractions and population declines were not found in bird communities of woodland or other widespread habitat types over the same period. In addition to fertilizer and pesticide use, practices associated with agricultural intensification also included cultivation and re-seeding of grassland, simplified crop rotations, loss of marginal habitats and increased grazing levels. All of these practices were likely to have an impact on the availability of food for nesting and feeding birds (Wilson et al, 1999). The case of the decline of grey partridge Perdix perdix L. populations in Britain however, complicates this assertion. The decline was partly attributable to poor chick survival as a consequence of the effects of herbicide-spraying of cereals on insect food supply and not necessarily a reduction in food availability (Potts, 1986). However, agricultural practices have affected arable flora in one way or another. What species have been affected? Gramineae (including wild species and stock feed crops e.g. rye grass) Many agricultural practices affect grass abundance e.g. after fertilizer application, grazing intensification, herbicide application, cutting regime and ploughing. However, Wilson et al (1999) show that some of the practices had detrimental and non-detrimental consequences, some promoting abundance of some grasses whilst reducing abundance of others. For example, Increases in cutting, grazing, tillage, fertilizer applications and herbicide usage thus cause declines in species diversity, but favour those species responsive to these conditions, including the meadow-grasses Poa, which are of particular importance in the diet of farmland birds. Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae, represented on temperate European farmland mainly by Polygonum (knotgrasses and persicarias) and Rumex (docks and sorrels), have the capacity for high seed production, making them a rich source of food for birds but invasive weeds of arable and grassland. Reviews of long-term population trends (Wilson et al., 1999) suggest that most Polygonaceae in arable areas are likely to have declined dramatically, whereas in pastures, roadsides, spoil heaps and waste ground, populations may be increasing. Chenopodiaceae This family on farmland is represented by Chenopodium (goosefoots), Atriplex (oraches) and Beta (mainly cultivated forage and sugar beets). In non-crop Chenopodiaceae, herbicide applications and grazing control populations whilst fertilization may encourage growth due to preference for high Nitrogen concentrations. Populations have declined in arable areas (Wilson et al., 1999). Caryophyllaceae The main genera taken by birds on temperate European farmland are Cerastium (mouse-ears), Silene (campions and catchflies), Stellaria (chickweeds and stitchworts) and Spergula (spurreys). With the possible exception of chickweeds, decline of Caryophyllaceae on arable land is likely to have been widespread, but in pastoral areas and other fertile, disturbed areas, not subject to intensive herbicide control, population of chickweeds and mouse-ears may be maintaining themselves or increasing (Wilson et al., 1999). Asteraceae Composites found on temperate farmland in Europe include Arctium (burdocks), Artemisia (mugworts), Carduus (thistles), Centaurea (knapweeds), Cirsium (plume-thistles), Helianthus (sunflowers), Leontodon (hawkbits), Senecio (ragworts and groundsels), Sonchus (sow-thistles), Taraxacum (dandelions) and Tussilago (coltsfoot), all of which are eaten by birds. Of these, sunflowers are oilseed crops grown mainly in warm temperate farmland, whilst the remainder are all found in the wild flora. Evidence points to declines caused by cultivation and herbicide use, and increases in response to increased grazing pressure and fertilizer use. Dandelions are adversely affected by regular ploughing, whereas modern grassland practices such as intensive grazing and inorganic fertilizer application probably favour growth. In the long term, populations of most composites are likely to be stable or declining in intensively arable areas, but in other fertile, disturbed sites, not subject to inte nsive herbicide control, populations may be increasing (Wilson et al., 1999). Brassicaceae The diet of farmland birds includes Alliaria (garlic mustards), Capsella (shepherd’s purse), Raphanus (radishes), Thlaspi (pennycresses), Brassica (includes wild and cultivated varieties of oilseeds, turnips and cabbages) and Sinapis (charlock). Overall, wild Brassicaceae have probably declined dramatically on intensive arable farmland in recent decades (Wilson et al., 1999). Fabaceae On temperate European farmland, Fabaceae are characterised by low, creeping nitrogen-fixers such as Medicago (cultivated lucerne and medicks), Trifolium (clovers and trefoils) and Vicia (vetches and beans). Better drainage and regular grazing encourage legumes, but loss of ley-based rotations has reduced the overall availability of clovers and vetches as sown crops. In the long-term, populations of wild clovers and vetches on farmland are likely to be declining due to herbicidal weed control and grassland improvement, but sown populations of certain clover species (mainly white T. repens L. and red clover T. pratense L.) will mask these declines in areas where grass-clover leys are still sown (Wilson et al., 1999). Labiatae, On farmland, Labiatae are characterised by Galeopsis (hemp-nettles), Lamium (dead-nettles) and Stachys (woundworts). Herbicide applications are detrimental to most members of the family. In the long-term, populations of dead-nettles and hemp-nettles are likely to be declining in arable areas, although dead-nettles may be increasing in other fertile, disturbed habitats (Wilson et al., 1999). Ranunculaceae, Ranunculaceae (typified by buttercups Ranunculus) are in long-term decline in both arable and pastoral farmland, probably due to a combination of herbicide control on arable land, fertilization of grasslands, and loss of pasture to cultivation (Wilson et al., 1999). Boraginaceae, On farmland, Boraginaceae are characterized by Myosotis (forget-me-nots), which are known to be sensitive to herbicide applications. There is also some evidence that populations of field forget-me-not M. arvensis (L.) Hill are in long-term decline in arable land (Wilson et al., 1999). Plantaginaceae, Violaceae, Herbicide application was the only agricultural operation recorded as having detrimental effects on Plantaginaceae (plantains) and Violaceae (violets and pansies) (Wilson et al., 1999). Urticaceae, A review by Wilson et al., (1999) found no evidence of specific impacts of agricultural practices on Urticaceae (nettles). In the long term, however, common nettle Urtica dioica L. and annual nettle U. urens L. are likely to be stable or declining in arable habitats as a result of herbicidal weed control, but are probably increasing elsewhere in disturbed, fertile habitats. Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae (pokeweeds) are serious agricultural weeds in the Americas (Cousens and Mortimer, 1995), and increasingly so as aliens in parts of Europe. A review by Wilson et al., (1999) found no data on the effects of agricultural operations on the abundance of this family in Europe. 3.0 Analysis of Organic Farming3.1 Organic farming Organic farming has been shown to benefit some species. Recent studies in England suggest that organic systems support more broad-leaved plants than conventional systems. (e.g. Kay and Gregory, 1999). Kay and Gregory (1999) found that, out of 23 rare or declining arable plant species, 18 were more abundant on organic farms, with 13 of them being absent on conventional farms. However, if improvements were made in mechanical weed control technology in conventional farms these differences in plant abundance and species richness between the two systems could be reduced. 3.2 Organic farming a solution? When the environmental problems in agriculture came into spotlight, different forms of organic farming had been practiced in Europe for several decades. These farming methods were quickly presented as a solution for most of the problems agriculture is facing. One reason for the increase in organic agriculture in many countries in Europe today is the need to solve environmental problems. In such situations, we often tend to accept appealing solutions. Furthermore, intensive propaganda by representatives of organic farming movements has had a strong influence on public opinion, politicians, and scientists. But what is the likelihood that Organic farming can meet the requirements of agriculture and solve some of these major environmental problems? Although some environmental problems were already identified as a result of the industrialization of societies from the 19th century, the breakthrough of broad environmental consciousness, as epitomized by the Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, took place in the 1960s. New research orientations, national and multinational environmental protection agencies, and environmental interest organizations were founded. Within agriculture several organizations, sharing a prejudiced view of nature, biodynamic and organic-biological, promoted their agricultural methods as a solution to the environmental problems. One theory of organic farming, biodynamic farming, which is part of a comprehensive philosophy called anthroposophy, was presented by Steiner in 1924. Its aim was not to solve environmental problems but to introduce a form of production forces’. Biodynamic and other forms of organic agriculture exclude easily soluble inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides on principle (KRAV, 1999). A comprehensive review was made by Hole et al. (2005) of the impacts on biodiversity of organic farming relative to conventional agriculture. They identified a wide range of taxa, including birds, mammals, invertebrates and arable flora, which benefit from organic management through increases in abundance and/or species richness. Also highlighted were three broad management practices (prohibition/reduced use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilisers; sympathetic management of non-cropped habitats; and preservation of mixed farming) that are largely intrinsic (but not exclusive) to organic farming, and that are particularly beneficial for farmland wildlife. However, most problems that occur in conventional agriculture may also be present in organic farming, such as erosion, nitrogen leaching, ammonia volatilization from animal wastes, high levels of native soil cadmium, accumulation of trace metals in soil, and subsoil compaction caused by farm machinery. Organic farming methods do not offer solutions to many of these problems. For example, the exclusion of easily soluble inorganic fertilizer does not necessarily imply less leaching or less eutrophication. On the contrary, leaching of total N from soil receiving animal manure, either composted or anaerobically stored, can be much higher than from inorganic fertilizer applied at the same N rate if measured over several years. Green manuring can also cause high nitrate leaching losses. From an environmental point of view, it does not matter whether the nutrients come from inorganic or organic sources. What matters is when, how and in what quantity plant nutrients are available to crops, i .e. if the nutrient supply is in synchrony with the demand of the crop (Myers et al., 1997). Crop quality is put forward as an important argument for organic farming. Crop quality depends on the plant nutrient status in the soil, the dynamics of nutrient release, weather conditions during growth, damage caused by pests, toxic compounds produced by the crops themselves and the adherent microflora, contamination with pesticides and pollutants, and the post-harvest treatment. Several investigations have clearly shown that the type of fertilization, contrary to the principle of organic farming, does not affect plant quality (e.g. Hansen, 1981) whereas the intensity of fertilization does. Thus, crop quality is not dependent on the principal difference between inorganic fertilization and organic manuring. Furthermore, considerable variation in crop quality can be found between farms regardless of whether they are using conventional or organic methods. This division into ‘organic’ and ‘conventional’ agriculture loses sight of the principal factors concerni ng crop quality and environmentally friendly agriculture. In contrast to conventional agriculture, organic farming without purchase of feed may result in a nutrient depletion of soils (Nolte and Werner, 1994). Through the import of feeding stuff to farms, which means a net input of nutrients, depletion is normally avoided. As the feeding stuff may be produced elsewhere with inorganic fertilizers, organic farming indirectly depends on the soil fertility of conventional farming. However, regulations about the amount of conventionally grown feeding stuff to be used in organic farming differ between countries. Side-effects caused by synthetic pesticides and drug feeding are not found in organic farming, a positive result. However, the exclusion of pesticides may result in increased concentrations of secondary plant metabolites and of mycotoxins of field fungi. Eltun (1996) reported higher concentrations of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in grain samples from organic than from conventional farming. Furthermore, in the same experiment no pesticide residues were found in grain samples grown conventionally. Thus, the exclusion of pesticides does not necessarily mean that crop products do not contain unwanted substances. The area for housing and outdoor movement of farm animals has received more attention in organic than in conventional agriculture. This concern is positive and space requirements should be determined for all types of farming. Humans have kept livestock for millennia, resulting in the selection of animals with behaviours that differs from the wild species. The natural behavior can not be the only guideline for livestock management. It is important to keep animals in such a way that the special requirements of each species are fulfilled and destructive forms of behaviour are avoided. In order to understand today’s organic farming movement, it may be useful to know that the highly influential form of organic agriculture, biodynamic farming (Steiner, 1975), had its roots in a philosophy of life and not in the agricultural sciences. A common attitude within the organic movement is that nature and natural products are good, whereas man-made chemicals are bad, or at least not as good as natural ones. This way of thinking may also explain why man-made fertilizers and synthetic pesticides are excluded. Although there is no reason to believe that nature is only good, as exemplified in agriculture by crop failures, plant or animal diseases, and the effects of natural disasters, this romantic way of thinking is widespread. The forces of nature are fantastic and filled with still unknown secrets, but at the same time the results of natural activity may be ‘bad’. That is why natural conditions cannot be the only guideline for an ethical code about interac tions between humans and nature. We have to define an ethical code that takes into account the full truth, and it is our responsibility to do so. As indicated above, views and beliefs originating from a philosophy of life are the driving force behind organic farming. People should have free choice concerning religion or a philosophy of life and a strong ethical foundation is very important, but placing philosophical ideas above scientific thinking, especially if they contradict scientific results, leads to severe communication problems. For example, to demand the exclusion of synthetic fertilizers shifts matters of science into the field of dogma. The fundamental question, why plant nutrients should be added in organic forms or as untreated minerals only, has never been proved. 4.0 Analysis of Alternatives4.1 Alternative solutions The bottom line is that current agricultural practices are not sustainable and alternatives are needed. Plant, invertebrate and bird numbers have all declined during the last century as a result of land management practices, whilst excess levels of fertilizer inputs have led to deteriorating water quality problems (of which, groundwater contamination and eutrophication are perhaps the most significant). The cause has been the increasing intensification and specialisation of farming, with a shift from mixed farming to arable farming in the east and grassland in the west. Biodiversity has also been impacted by the planting of autumn cereals. Whilst Organic farming is being promoted as a better alternative, there is growing interest in the use of genetically modified-based agriculture. 4.2 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods Biotechnology can potentially play a significant input into sustainable agricultural productivity, particularly for poor and/or small scale farmers in developing countries. Some of the benefits include development of techniques to 1) facilitate enhanced resistance to insect pests/diseases responsible for reduced yields 2) ability to tolerate drought/salinity or heavy metals. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics, concluded in 2003 that some GM crops offer real benefits to those in the developing world. Thomas (SDI, 2003) uses the example of half the cotton grown in China during 2002 being genetically modified. The GM crops produced a toxin to the cotton bollworm, a pest that can devastate crops. Yields were estimated to have increased by 10% whilst there was a 60% decrease in reported cases of humans being impacted by the toxic effects of applying pesticides without protective clothing. The report did, however, highlight a need for economi c, political and social change. Watkinson (2000), in a study on sugar beet genetically modified to tolerate broad-spectrum herbicideglyphosate, found that densities of fat hen, a common weed in sugar beet, were less than 10% of those in conventional crops. The seeds of fat hen are an important winter food resource for farmland birds. Skylarks forage preferentially in weedy fields, so therefore the impacts of GM crops critically depend on the extent to which high-density patches of weeds are affected. Argentina provides another example. The uptake of Monsanto’s round-up ready soya was phenomenal during the mid to late 90s. Some 13 million hectares were converted to GM. However, increasing dominance of larger farmers has resulted in many smaller farmers leaving their lands. Traditionally, many people were employed for weeding but increased herbicide usage has resulted in unemployment and increasing concerns surrounding the impact on human health (Branford, 2002). The benefits of using herbicide resistant crops in this context are therefore questionable. Monsanto needs to assess GM application in Argentina in order to learn from any mistakes and develop best practice guidelines for the future. Companies such as Monsanto and Syngenta appear, committed to principles of global sustainable agriculture and both have germplasm protection projects, in addition to community and environmental projects. Monsanto, in conjunction with Bayer CropScience; BASF; Dow Agrosciences; Dupont and Syngenta have established an Agricultural Biotech Council (ABC) in order to promote a reasoned and balanced debate surrounding the use of agricultural biotechnology. However, it appears more like a union to promote the benefits of agricultural biotechnology. 4.3 Biosafety During the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) negotiations, governments were aware of the potential modern biotechnology had with regards the achievement of its 3 main aims; the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. There was, however, a proviso for adequate safety measures for the environment and human health. This proviso constitutes Article 19 of the CBD, which relates to the handling of biotechnology and the distribution of its benefits. Four paragraphs constitute Article 19 and require parties to the Convention to: 1) take appropriate measures to ensure effective participation in biotechnological research activities, especially developing countries 2) to take practical measures to promote and advance access on a fair and equitable basis 3) to consider requirements of a protocol addressing   (including advance informed agreement) and; 4) make available information about the use and safety regulations, as well as any information on the potential adverse impact of the specific organisms. Decision II/5, established an Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety to develop a draft protocol on biosafety, specifically focusing on transboundary movement of any living modified organism resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The details and history of this working Group, from its formation to the subsequent adoption of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity on the 29 January 2000, is rather convoluted. Environmental / human health consequences and concerns arising from introduction of GM plants led to the development of regulatory regimes to assess safety. Imports of GMOs into the UK (and EC) are covered by existing Community legislation Council Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of GMOs. The Protocol is therefore most beneficial to developing countries without existing legislation on GMOs and who require information before deciding on the conservational and sustainable impact of accepting GMO imports. In the UK, further EC regulations were adopted arising from the need to address exported obligations. Such issues have led to the implementation of EC Regulation No. 1946/2003 on the transboundary movement of GMOs. 4.4 Does Sustainable Agriculture mean sustainable development? The Convention on Biosafety specifically addresses the variety of risks to rural ecosystems, particularly i